Scientific Name | Common Name | Specific Constituent | Type of Constituent |
---|---|---|---|
Agaricus blazei | Agaricus | β-d-glucan | Polysaccharide |
Ganoderma lucidum | Reishi, lingzhi | Ganoderic acid | Protein |
Danoderiol | Protein | ||
Danderenic acid | Protein | ||
Lucidenic acid | Protein | ||
GLPS | Polysaccharide | ||
Cordyceps sinesis | Cordyceps, caterpillar mushroom | Adenosine | Nucleotide |
Cordycepin | Nucleotide | ||
Trametes versicolor (formerly Coriolus versicolor) | Turkey tail | PSP | Polysaccharide peptide |
PSK | Polysaccharide peptide | ||
Grifolia frondosa | Maitake | Grifolan | Polysaccharide |
D-fraction | |||
MD-fraction | Polysaccharide |
Pattern | Cytokines | Pattern Effect |
---|---|---|
TH1 | IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α | Stimulates immune response to cancer |
TH2 | IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 | Decreases TH1 |
TH3/Treg | TGF-β | Modulates TH1 |
Proinflammatory | IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α | Causes inflammation |
Mushroom | In Vivo/Vitro/Model | Cytokine | Pattern | Dose/Preparation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agaricus | In vivo, mouse cancer | IFN-γ | TH1 | 350 mg PO QD; hot water extract | Takimoto et al, 200815 |
Agaricus | In vivo, mouse leukemia | IFN-γ IL-6 IL-1β IL-4 | TH1 PI | 3 or 6 mg/kg PO × 3 wk; hot water extract | Lin, Fan, and Tang, 201216 |
Reishi | In vivo, advanced human lung cancer, prospective nonplacebo controlled trial with 36 participants | IL-2 56% IL-6 56% IFN-γ 56% IL-1 56.7% TNF-α 66.6% | TH1 PI | 5.4 g/d PO; Ganopoly × 12 wk; hot water extraction, then 75% ethanol extraction, then purified by gel filtration | Gao et al, 200517 |
Reishi | In vivo, human late-stage cancer, prospective nonplacebo controlled trial with 34 participants | IL-2 IL-6 IFN-γ IL-1 TNF-α | TH1 PI | 1800 mg Ganopoly PO TID × 3 mo; hot water extraction, then 75% ethanol extraction, then purified by gel filtration | Gao et al, 200318 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse CT26 cancer | NF-κB TNF-α IL-1β | TH1 PI | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP; standardized PSG-1 polysaccharide, compared to 5-fluorouracil or normal saline | Zhang et al, 201319 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse lung cancer | IL-2 IFN-γ NF-κB | TH1 | 28 mg/kg IP; ganoderic acid-Me purified from Ganoderma lucidum | Wang et al, 200720 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse sarcoma 180 | IFN-γ TNF-α | TH1 PI | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP; Ganoderma polysaccharides | Wang et al, 201221 |
Reishi | Ex vivo, S-180 sarcoma mouse model | IFN-γ IL-4 IL-6 | TH1 | 200 mg/kg IP/d; sporoderms and stipe broken extracts | Yue et al, 200822 |
Reishi | In vitro, mouse cancer cell line | IL-6 TNF-α | PI | 50, 100, 200 mg/mL; broken spores dissolved in water, then extracted with ethanol | Guo et al, 200923 |
Reishi | In vitro, precancerous uroepithelial cells (HUC-PC cell line) | IL-2 IL-6 NF-κB IL-8 | PI | 40, 80, 100 mg/mL; ethanol extraction only | Yuen, Gohel, and Ng, 201124 |
Reishi | In vitro, inflammatory breast cancer cell line | IL-8 | PI | 0.5, 1.0 mg/mL every 48 h for 96 h; extract of fruiting body and cracked spores | Martinez-Montemayor et al, 201125 |
Maitake | Ex vivo, human breast cancer participants posttreatment | IFN-γ IL-10 TNF-α | TH1 | Dose escalation up to 5 mg/kg PO BID for 21 d; hot water extraction followed by alcohol precipitation, packaged by Gaia Herbs | Deng et al, 200926 |
Maitake | Ex vivo, mouse colon cancer model | IFN-γ IL-12p70 | TH1 | 7.8 mg/kg/d IP for 19 d; D-fraction of dried maitake | Kodama et al, 200227 |
Maitake | In vivo, mouse cancer cisplatin treatment | IL-12p70 IL-12p40 IFN-γ G-CSF M-CSF | TH1 | 8 mg/kg/d IP; water extraction followed by alcohol precipitation, MD-fraction | Masuda et al, 200928 |
Maitake | In vivo, mouse colon-cancer model | IL-12 | TH1 | 8 mg/kg/d IP; water extraction followed by alcohol precipitation, MD-fraction | Masuda et al, 200829 |
Maitake | In vivo, mouse carcinoma model | TNF-α IFN-γ IL-12 | TH1 | 5 mg/kg/d PO for 19 d; water extraction followed by alcohol precipitation, D-fraction | Kodama et al, 200230 |
Maitake | In vivo, mouse carcinoma model | IL-4 IFN-γ IL-12p70 IL-18 | TH1 TH2 | 5 mg/kg/d PO QD for 20 d; D-fraction | Inoue, Kodama, and Nanba, 200231 |
Maitake | In vivo, mouse colon-cancer model | TNF-α IFN-γ IL-12 IL-1 | TH1 | 7.5, 15.0 mg IP QD for 7 d; hot water extract with an ethanol precipitation, followed by complex gel column fractionations for MLP fraction | Kodama et al, 201032 |
Maitake | In vivo, mouse colon-cancer model | IFN-γ IL-12p70 | TH1 | 7.8 mg/kg/d IP; hot water extract with an the ethanol precipitation for D fraction | Harada, Kodama, and Nanba, 200333 |
Maitake | In vitro, human mononuclear cells | IFN-γ TNF-α | TH1 | 12.5, 11, and 200 mg/mL; intracellular fractions of fruiting body | Svagelj et al, 200834 |
Cordyceps | In vitro, mouse lymphoma cell line | IL-1 IL-2 | PI | 200 mg/mL Cordyceps sinensis or 100 mg/mL 1,3-β-glucan | Kawanishi et al, 201035 |
Turkey Tail | In vivo, TLR2 knockout Mice vs normal mice | IL-12 only in normal mice | TH1 | 1–100 mg/mL × 96 h; purified PSK | Lu et al, 201136 |
Turkey Tail | In vitro, breast cancer cell line | TNF-α IFN-γ IL-12 | TH1 | 10 mg/mL; purified PSK | Lu et al, 201137 |
Turkey Tail | In vitro, TLR2 knockout mice vs normal mice | IFN-γ IL-12p70 TNF-α IL-12p40 IL-2 all inhibited by TLR2 knockout | TH1 | 1–100 mg/mL × 96 h; purified PSK | Lu et al, 201136 |
Mushroom | Model | Cellular Response | Dose | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agaricus | In vivo, mouse cancer | CD69 and CD49 T cells | 350 mg QD; hot water, standardized to 7.2 μg/mL of β-glucan | Takimoto et al, 200815 |
Agaricus | In vivo, mouse colon cancer | Phagocytosis of spleen cells | 100–150 g/d PO; 10% ground, dried mushroom | Ishii et al, 201138 |
Agaricus | In vivo, mouse leukemia | CD3 CD19 CD11b Liver weight Spleen weight NK activity | 3 or 6 mg/kg PO × 3 wk; hot water extract | Lin et al, 201216 |
Reishi | In vivo, human, late-stage cancer; prospective, nonplacebo-controlled trial with 34 participants | CD56 NK cells | 1800 mg PO TID × 3 mo; Ganopoly, hot water extraction, then 75% ethanol extraction, then purified by gel filtration | Gao et al, 200318 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse cancer cell line CT26 | Phagocytosis via TLR4 | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP; standardized PSG-1 polysaccharide | Zhang et al, 201319 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse lung cancer | NK cell activity | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP × 10 d; kg of ganoderic acid-Me, purified from Ganoderma lucidum | Wang et al, 200720 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse sarcoma 180 | NK Spleen lymphocytes CD8+ T cells CD4+ T Cells | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP; Ganoderma polysaccharides | Wang et al, 201221 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse leukemia | CD3 CD19 CD11b | 3 mg/kg/d or 6 mg/kg/d IP; crude extract | Chang, Yang, and Yang, 200939 |
Reishi | In vitro, human colon-cancer line HCT-116 | Cell growth Cell adhesion MMP-9 NF-κB iNOS | Varied dose; ganoderic acid | Chen et al, 201040 |
Reishi | In vitro, human hepatoma HepG2 cell line | MMP-9 NF-κB ERK | 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 mM; purified lucidenic acid | Weng, Chau, Hsieh, 200841 |
Reishi | In vitro, MAD-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line | Akt NF-κB | 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/mL; standardized powdered extract (20:1) with spores to 13.5% polysaccharides and 6% triterpenes | Jiang et al, 200442 |
Reishi | In vitro, human prostate cancer cell line | VEGF TGF-β1 | 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/mL × 24 h; ReishiMax brand | Stanley et al, 200543 |
Reishi | In vitro, MAD-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line | AP-1 NF-κB CDK4 uPA | 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mM; purified ganoderic acid A, F, and H | Jiang et al, 200844 |
Reishi | In vitro, human inflammatory breast cancer line | MMP-9 | 0.5, 1.0 mg/mL every 48 h of 96 h; extract of fruiting body and cracked spores | Martinez-Montemayor et al, 201125 |
Maitake | In vivo, mouse colon cancer | Tumor-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells NK cells T-cell infiltration Treg cells | 20 or 80 mg/kg PO for 20 d; MD-fraction | Masuda et al, 201345 |
Maitake | In vivo, BALB/c mice implanted with colon 26 carcinoma cells | CD8+ and CD4+ T cells | 7.8 mg/kg/d IP; D-fraction | Harada et al, 200333 |
Cordyceps | In vitro, human bladder cancer cell lines 5637 and T-24 | MMP-9 NF-κB | 50, 100, 200 μg/mL; cordycepin | Lee, Kim, and Moon, 201046 |
Turkey Tail | In vivo, human breast cancer, phase I clinical trial | Lymphocyte count NK activity CD8+ T cells CD19+ B cells | 6 or 9 g PO daily for 6 wk | Torkelson et al, 201247 |
Mushroom | In vivo/vitro/model | Measure of Immune Activation | Dose | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agaricus | In vitro, human hepatocarcinoma cell line | % apoptotic cells Cell growth inhibited Intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin | 5–100 μg/mL dose-dependent response; Agaricus hot-water extraction with ethanol precipitations and gel chromatography fractionation | Lee and Hong, 201148 |
Agaricus | In vitro, osteosarcoma cell line | Cell growth | 100, 200, 400 μg; purified polysaccharide | Wu et al, 201249 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse sarcoma 180 | Cell proliferation | 50, 100, 200 μg/kg IP; Ganoderma polysaccharides | Wang et al, 201221 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse lung cancer model | Splenocyte proliferation Tumor size Tumor growth Tumor metastasis | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP × 10 d; ganoderic acid-Me purified from Ganoderma lucidum | Wang et al, 200720 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse cancer cell line CT26 | Tumor growth | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg IP; PSG-1 polysaccharide | Zhang et al, 201319 |
Reishi | In vivo, Lewis lung carcinoma model in mice | Tumor growth | 28 mg/kg IP QD × 7 d; ganoderic acid | Chen et al, 201050 |
Reishi | In vivo, mouse leukemia model | Phagocytosis from PBMC | 3 mg/kg/d or 6 mg/kg/d; crude extract | Chang, Yang, and Yang, 200939 |
Reishi | In vivo, S-180 sarcoma mouse model | Sarcoma size | 100, 200, 400 mg/kg IP; hot water extraction of fruiting body, stipe, and sporoderm broken spores | Yue et al, 200822 |
Reishi | Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma in mice | Tumor volume by 80.8% | 100 mg/kg administered IP 24 h after tumor induction | Joseph et al, 201151 |
Reishi | In vitro, human prostate-cancer cell line | Angiogenesis | 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/mL × 24 h; ReishiMax proprietary extract | Stanley et al, 200543 |
Reishi | In vitro, human breast-cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 | Cell proliferation | 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mM; purified ganoderic acid A, F, and H | Jiang et al, 200844 |
Reishi | In vitro, human MAD-MB-231 breast cancer cells | Cell proliferation; complete inhibition at highest dosage | 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/mL; standardized powdered extract (20:1) with spores to 13.5% polysaccharides and 6% triterpenes | Jiang et al, 200442 |
Reishi | In vitro, human inflammatory breast-cancer line | Cell viability Apoptosis BCL-2 TERT PDGFB | 0.5, 1.0 mg/mL every 48 h for 96 h; extract of fruiting body and cracked spores | Martinez-Montemayor et al, 201125 |
Reishi | In vitro, human colon-cancer cell line | Cell growth Cell adhesion | Varied doses; purified ganoderic acid | Chen et al, 201040 |
Maitake | In vivo, carcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice | Tumor volume | 7.8 mg/kg/d IP for 19 d; D-fraction | Kodama et al, 200226 |
Maitake | In vivo, colon cancer mouse model | Tumor size | 20 or 80 mg/kg PO for 20 d; MD-fraction | Masuda et al, 201345 |
Maitake | In vivo, male C3H/ HeN mice bearing MM-46 carcinoma | Tumor size | 5mg/kg/d PO QD for 20 d; D-fraction | Inoue, Kodama and Nanba, 200231 |
Maitake | In vitro, human prostate cancer cell PC-3 | Cell growth 65% | 50,000 IU/mL; D-fraction | Pyo et al, 200852 |
Turkey Tail | In vivo/human stage II or III colorectal cancer | 5-y survival (60% control; 86.7% PSK treatment group) | 3g/d PO × 2 y; PSK | Ohwada et al, 200614 |
Chemotherapeutic Agent | Indicated Mushroom | Reference |
---|---|---|
Trastudzumab | PSK (turkey tail) | Lu et al, 2011b37 |
Cyclophosphamide | Reishi | Zhu et al, 200756 |
Cisplatin | Maitake, Cordyceps, reishi | Masuda et al, 200928; Yao et al, 201257 |
Docetaxel | PSK (turkey tail) | Kinoshita et al, 200958; Wenner et al, 201259 |
Doxorubicin | Agaricus | Lee and Hong, 201148 |
Type of Cancer | Indicated Mushroom |
---|---|
Nonsmall-cell lung cancer | Cordyceps |
Lung cancer | Reishi |
Gastric cancer | PSK (turkey tail) |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Agaricus, reishi |
Leukemia | Agaricus, reishi |
Lymphoma | Cordyceps |
Breast cancer | Reishi, maitake, turkey tail |
Colon cancer | Maitake, reishi, turkey tail |
Prostate cancer | Reishi |
Sarcoma | Reishi |